Here the primary insulating medium is atmospheric air, and in the majority of AIS the insulating elements are of either solid or hollow porcelain.
In circuit elements such as disconnectors and earthing switches, where the switching is done in air, the insulators are solid, and provide not only physical support and insulation, but also the mechanical drive for the elements.
Examples of disconnectors and earth switch arrangements are shown below.
The choice of disconnector design is dependent on the substation layout and performance requirements. Equipment such as circuit breakers which need an additional insulating or interrupting medium use hollow porcelain insulators which contain the active circuit elements in the appropriate insulating medium.
As previously outlined, initial AIS installations used oil as the insulating and interrupting medium, which in many cases was replaced by the use of compressed air, and modern designs almost always use SF6 gas.
The layout of a substation is governed by the need to ensure that air clearances meet the dielectric design requirements, including conditions when access is required to the substation for maintenance. Rules for the minimum clearances and the requirements for creepage distances on the external porcelain insulators are contained in the standards.
For locations with atmospheric pollution, it is necessary to provide extended creepage distances on insulators. Guidelines for the selection of creepage distance are given in IEC 815.
A recent development in AIS technology is the use of composite insulators for functional elements in place of the traditional porcelain. There is a risk of explosion with porcelain insulators when they are filled with insulating gas if a mechanical fault occurs with the equipment.
A composite insulator consists of silicone rubber sheds on a filament glass-fibre tube; it is not brittle and will not explode if the insulator is ruptured. Composite insulators are now being used on instrument transformers and circuit breakers for AIS, and their use is likely to become more common.
In circuit elements such as disconnectors and earthing switches, where the switching is done in air, the insulators are solid, and provide not only physical support and insulation, but also the mechanical drive for the elements.
Examples of disconnectors and earth switch arrangements are shown below.
The choice of disconnector design is dependent on the substation layout and performance requirements. Equipment such as circuit breakers which need an additional insulating or interrupting medium use hollow porcelain insulators which contain the active circuit elements in the appropriate insulating medium.
As previously outlined, initial AIS installations used oil as the insulating and interrupting medium, which in many cases was replaced by the use of compressed air, and modern designs almost always use SF6 gas.
The layout of a substation is governed by the need to ensure that air clearances meet the dielectric design requirements, including conditions when access is required to the substation for maintenance. Rules for the minimum clearances and the requirements for creepage distances on the external porcelain insulators are contained in the standards.
For locations with atmospheric pollution, it is necessary to provide extended creepage distances on insulators. Guidelines for the selection of creepage distance are given in IEC 815.
A recent development in AIS technology is the use of composite insulators for functional elements in place of the traditional porcelain. There is a risk of explosion with porcelain insulators when they are filled with insulating gas if a mechanical fault occurs with the equipment.
A composite insulator consists of silicone rubber sheds on a filament glass-fibre tube; it is not brittle and will not explode if the insulator is ruptured. Composite insulators are now being used on instrument transformers and circuit breakers for AIS, and their use is likely to become more common.
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