This type of cable can be classified as follows:
1. NEC compounds
2. Elastomers
3. Thermoplastics
4. Thermosettings
The rubber and rubber-like insulated cables enjoy their popularity
owing to moisture resistance, ease of handling, ease of splicing, and extreme
flexibility.
Elastomers are materials that can be compressed, stretched,
or deformed like rubber and yet retain their original shape. The thermoplastics
materials soften when they are reheated, whereas thermosetting-type insulation
has very little tendency to soften upon reheating after vulcanization.
The earlier oil-based natural rubber compounds have been
replaced by synthetic materials, which have better electrical and mechanical
characteristics. The following synthetic rubber-like compounds are in use
today:
Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), an elastomer
compound: EPR is commonly used in power cables, but is also gaining use in
telecommunications and other types of cables. EPR possesses good chemical,
mechanical, and electrical properties. However, it is not inherently flame
retardant. It has a maximum operating temperature of 90°C, and maximum rated
voltage (phase–phase) of 138 kV.
Neoprene, an elastomer compound: Neoprene is one of
the most common materials in use for cable jackets. It is used where service
conditions are usually abrasive. Since neoprene is not inherently flame
retarding, it is usually compounded with the necessary flame retarding
chemicals when used as cable jackets.
Hypalon, an elastomer compound: Hypalon is also a
commonly used material for cable jackets. It has properties similar to
neoprene, and in addition exhibits better thermal stability and resistance to
ozone
and oxidation.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a thermoplastic compound:
It is flexible, has good electrical properties, and requires no external
jacket. Cables using this insulation are rated up to 600 V; maximum operating
temperature is 60°C for power applications; maximum short-circuit rating
temperature is 150°C. NEC designation is T, TW. It is available in several
colors and is mainly used as low-voltage cable systems.
Polyethylene (PE), a thermoplastic compound: It melts
at very low temperatures (i.e., 110°C). It is also severely affected by corona.
It has a high coefficient of thermal expansion. However, it has excellent
electrical and moisture-resistance properties. It has a low cost. Its maximum
operating temperature is 75°C and maximum short-circuit temperature is 150°C.
It is used in low- and medium-voltage applications.
Buna, a thermosetting compound: It combines the most
desirable properties of low-voltage insulation. It has the advantages of heat
and moisture resistance, excellent aging qualities, and good electrical characteristics.
However, it lacks resistance to ozone. NEC designation is RHW. Its maximum
operating temperature is 75°C and shortcircuit temperature is 200°C.
Butyl, a thermosetting compound: It has a high
resistance to moisture, heat, and ozone. NEC designation is RHH. It has a
maximum operating temperature of 90°C and short-circuit temperature of 200°C.
Silicone rubber, a thermosetting compound: It is
extremely resistant to flame, ozone, and corona. It has a maximum operating
temperature of 125°C and a maximum short-circuit temperature of 250°C. It has
poor mechanical strength.
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