As the load varies in a distribution system, a variable
voltage drop will occur in the system impedance, which is mainly reactive.
Assuming the generator voltage remains constant, the voltage at the load bus
will vary.
The voltage drop is a function of the reactive component of
the load current, and system and transformer reactance. When the loads change
very rapidly, or fluctuate frequently, it may cause ‘‘voltage flicker’’ at the
customers’ loads.
Voltage flicker can be annoying and irritating to customers
because of the ‘‘lamp flicker’’ it causes. Some loads can also be sensitive to
these rapid voltage fluctuations.
In Fig. 18.2a, for example, assume the MVA of the fixed
capacitor bank is equal to the MVA of the reactor when the reactor branch is
conducting for full cycle. Hence, when the reactor branch is conducting full
cycle, the net reactive power drawn by the SVC (combination of capacitor bank
and thyristor controlled reactor) will be zero.
When the load reactive power (which is usually inductive)
varies, the SVC reactive power will be varied to match the load reactive power
by controlling the duration of the conduction of current in the thyristor
controlled reactive power branch.
Figure 18.3 shows current waveforms for three conduction
levels, 60, 120 and 1808. Figure 18.3a shows waveforms for thyristor gating
angle (a) of 908, which gives a conduction angle (s) of 1808 for each
thyristor. This is the case for full-cycle conduction, since the two
back-to-back thyristors conduct in each half-cycle.
This case is equivalent to shorting the thyristors. Figure
18.3b is the case when the gating signal is delayed for 308 after the voltage
peak, and results in a conduction angle of 1208. Figure 18.3c is the case for
a¼1508 and s¼608
If the capacitor can be switched on and off, the MVAR can be
varied from full inductive to full capacitive, up to the rating of the
inductive and capacitive branches. The capacitor bank can be switched by
mechanical breakers (see Fig. 18.2b) if time delay (usually five to ten cycles)
is not a consideration, or they can be switched fast (less than one cycle) by
thyristor switches (see Fig. 18.2c). Reactive power variation with switched
capacitor banks for an SVC is shown in Fig. 18.4.
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