ANSI=IEEE Std 80-1986: IEEE Guide for Safety in AC
Substation Grounding
Presents essential guidelines for assuring safety through
proper grounding at AC substations at all voltage levels. Provides design
criteria to establish safe limits for potential differences within a station,
under fault conditions, between possible points of contact. Uses a step-by-step
format to describe test methods, design and testing of grounding systems.
Provides English translations of three fundamental papers on grounding by
Rudenberg, Laurent, and Zeitschrift that are not available in Std 80-2000.
ANSI=IEEE Std 80-2000: IEEE Guide for Safety in AC
Substation Grounding
Provides an improved methodology for interpreting two-layer
soil resistivity and using the values in the design of AC substations. Provides
methods for determining the maximum grid current at substations,= some of which
also predict the maximum fault currents available on lines close by. Provides a
number of new worked-examples in appendices.
IEEE Std 81-1983: IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth
Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System
The present state of the technique of measuring ground
resistance and impedance, earth resistivity, and potential gradients from
currents in the earth, and the prediction of the magnitude of ground resistance
and potential gradients from scale-model tests are described and discussed.
Factors influencing the choice of instruments and the techniques for various
types of measurements are covered. These include the purpose of the
measurement, the accuracy required, the type of instruments available possible
sources of error, and the nature of the ground or grounding system under test.
The intent is to assist the engineer or technician in obtaining and
interpreting accurate, reliable data. The test procedures described promote the
safety of personnel and property and prevent interference with the operation of
neighboring facilities. The standard is under revision as of September 2005.
IEEE Std 81.2-1991: IEEE Guide for Measurement of
Impedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended, or Interconnected
Grounding Systems
Practical instrumentation methods are presented for
measuring the AC characteristics of large, extended, or interconnected
grounding systems. Measurements of impedance to remote earth, step and touch
potentials, and current distributions are covered for grounding systems ranging
in complexity from small grids (less than 900 m2) with only a few connected
overhead or direct-burial bare concentric neutrals, to large grids (greater
than 20,000 m2) with many connected neutrals, overhead ground wires (sky
wires), counterpoises, grid tie conductors, cable shields, and metallic pipes.
This standard addresses measurement safety; earth-return mutual errors;
low-current measurements; power-system staged faults; communication and control
cable transfer impedance; current distribution (current splits) in the
grounding system; step, touch, mesh, and profile measurements; the
foot-equivalent electrode earth resistance; and instrumentation characteristics
and limitations.
IEEE Std 367-1996: IEEE Recommended Practice for
Determining the Electric Power Station Ground Potential Rise and Induced
Voltage from a Power Fault
Information for the determination of the appropriate values
of fault-produced power station ground potential rise (GPR) and induction for use in the design of
protection systems is provided. Included are the determination of the appropriate value of fault current
to be used in the GPR calculation; taking into account the waveform, probability, and duration of the
fault current; the determination of inducing currents, the mutual impedance between power and telephone
facilities, and shield factors; the vectorial summation of GPR and induction; considerations regarding the
power station GPR zone of influence; and communications channel time requirements for
noninterruptible services. Guidance for the calculation of power station GPR
and longitudinal induction (LI) voltages is provided, as well as guidance for
their appropriate reduction from worst-case values, for use in metallic
telecommunication protection design.
IEEE Std 524a-1993: IEEE Guide to Grounding During the
Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors—Supplement to IEEE Guide
to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors
General recommendations for the selection of methods and
equipment found to be effective and practical for grounding during the
stringing of overhead transmission line conductors and overhead ground wires
are provided. The guide is directed to transmission voltages only. The aim is
to present in one document sufficient details of present day grounding
practices and equipment used in effective grounding and to provide electrical
theory and considerations necessary to safeguard personnel during the stringing
operations of transmission lines.
IEEE Std 789-1988 (R1994): IEEE Standard Performance
Requirements for Communications and Control Cables for Application in
High-Voltage Environments
Requirements are set forth for wires and cables used
principally for power system communications and control purposes that are
located within electric power stations, installed within the zone of influence
of the power station GPR, or buried adjacent to electric power transmission and
distribution lines. The cables can be subjected to high voltages either by
conduction or induction coupling, or both. Cable specifications that ensure
overall reliability in high-voltage environments are provided. Environmental
considerations, operating service conditions, installation practices, and
cable-design requirements are covered. Design tests, routine production tests,
and physical and electrical tests are included.
IEEE Std 837-1989 (R1996): IEEE Standard for Qualifying
Permanent Connections Used in Substation Grounding
Directions and methods for qualifying permanent connections
used for substation grounding are provided. Particular attention is given to
the connectors used within the grid system, connectors used to join ground
leads to the grid system, and connectors used to join the ground leads to
equipment and structures. The purpose is to give assurance to the user that
connectors meeting the requirements of this standard will perform in a
satisfactory manner over the lifetime of the installation provided, that the
proper connectors are selected for the application, and that they are installed
correctly. Parameters for testing grounding connections on aluminum, copper,
steel, copper-clad steel, galvanized steel, stainless steel, and stainless-clad
steel are addressed. Performance criteria are established, test procedures are
provided, and mechanical, current–temperature cycling, freeze–thaw, corrosion,
and fault-current tests are specified.
IEEE Std 1048-1990: IEEE Guide for Protective Grounding
of Power Lines
Guidelines are provided for safe protective grounding
methods for persons engaged in de-energized overhead transmission and
distribution line maintenance. They comprise state-of-the-art information on
protective grounding as currently practiced by power utilities in North
America. The principles of protective grounding are discussed. Grounding
practices and equipment, power-line construction, and ground electrodes are
covered.
IEEE Std 1050-1996: IEEE Guide for Instrumentation and
Control Equipment Grounding in Generating Stations
Information about grounding methods for generating station
instrumentation and control (I & C) equipment is provided. The
identification of I & C equipment grounding methods to achieve both a
suitable level of protection for personnel and equipment is included, as well
as suitable noise immunity for signal ground references in generating stations.
Both ideal theoretical methods and accepted practices in the electric utility
industry are presented.
IEEE Std 1243-1997: IEEE Guide for Improving the
Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines
Procedures for evaluating the lightning outage rate of
overhead transmission lines at voltage levels of 69 kV or higher are described.
Effects of improved insulation, shielding, coupling and grounding on
backflashover, and shielding failure rates are then discussed.
IEEE Std 1313.1-1996: IEEE Standard for Insulation
Coordination— Definitions, Principles, and Rules
The procedure for selection of the withstand voltages for
equipment phase-to-ground and phase to phase insulation systems is specified. A
list of standard insulation levels, based on the voltage stress to which the
equipment is being exposed, is also identified. This standard applies to
three-phase AC systems above 1 kV.
IEEE Std 1410-2004: IEEE Guide for Improving the
Lightning Performance of Distribution Lines
Procedures for evaluating the lightning outage rate of
overhead distribution lines at voltage levels below 69 kVare described. Effects
of improved insulation, shielding, coupling and grounding for direct strokes,
and induced over-voltage are then discussed.
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