Three phase
windings of transformers will normally be connected in a delta configuration, a
star (wye) configuration, or, less commonly, in an interconnected star
(zig-zag) configuration as shown in Fig. 14.16. The vector grouping and phase
relationship nomenclature used is as follows:
• Capital
letters for primary winding vector group designation.
• Small
letters for secondary winding group designation.
• D or d
represents a primary or secondary delta winding.
• Y or y
represents a primary or secondary star winding.
• Z or z
represents a primary or secondary interconnected star winding.
• N or n
indicates primary or secondary winding with an earth connection to the star
point.
• Numbers
represent the phase relationship between the primary and secondary windings.
The secondary to primary voltage displacement angles are given in accordance
with the position of the ‘hands’ on a clock relative to the mid-day or twelve
o’clock position. Thus 1 (representing one o’clock) is 30°, 3 is 90°, 11 is 30° and so on.
Therefore a
Dy1 vector grouping indicates that the secondary red phase star voltage vector,
Vrn, is at the one o’clock position and therefore lags the primary red phase
delta voltage vector, Vm, at the twelve o’clock position by 30°, i.e. the one
o’clock position is 30° lagging the primary twelve o’clock position for
conventional anti-clockwise vector rotation.
Similarly a
Dyn11 vector grouping indicates that the secondary red phase voltage leads the
primary voltage by 30°, i.e. the eleven o’clock position leads the twelve
o’clock position by 30°. The secondary star point is earthed. Yy0 would
indicate 0° phase displacement between the primary and secondary red phases on
a star/star transformer.
Dz6 would
indicate a delta primary interconnected star secondary and 180° secondary-to-primary
voltage vector phase displacement. The system designer will usually have to
decide which vector grouping arrangement is required for each voltage level in
the network.
There are
many factors influencing the choice and good summaries of the factors of most interest
to the manufacturer can be found in Ref. (1). From the user’s point of view,
the following aspects will be important:
1. Vector
displacement between the systems connected to each winding of the transformer
and ability to achieve parallel operation.
2. Provision
of a neutral earth point or points, where the neutral is referred to earth
either directly or through an impedance. Transformers are used to give the
neutral point in the majority of systems.
Clearly in
Fig. 14.16 only the star or interconnected star (Z) winding configurations give
a neutral location. If for various reasons, only delta windings are used at a
particular voltage level on a particular system, a neutral point can still be
provided by a purpose-made transformer called a ‘neutral earthing transformer’
or ‘earthing compensator transformer’ as shown in Fig. 14.16.
3.
Practicality of transformer design and cost associated with insulation requirements.
There may be some manufacturing difficulties with choosing certain winding
configurations at certain voltage levels.
For example,
the interconnected star configuration is bulky and expensive above about 33kV.
Of considerable significance in transmission systems is the cost and location
of the tap changer switchgear.
4. The Z
winding reduces voltage unbalance in systems where the load is not equally
distributed between phases, and permits neutral current loading with inherently
low zero-sequence impedance. It is therefore often used for earthing
transformers.
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